🏢 Let’s imagine you’re working in a 10 storey office building. There are 10 different levels. We need a way to describe each level of the building. We start on the ground floor of the building - level with the ground. We use an ordinal number to describe the other levels in the building.

To form the ordinal number we take a number and add the correct suffix 🧶 🧶 suffix The suffix comes from the word used to describe each number, like first, second, third etc.

☝🏿 Up from the ground floor, we are then on the 1st floor (first floor) ☝🏽 Up from the 1st floor, we are on the 2nd floor (second floor)

📋 Specification

Let’s consider a function called getOrdinalNumber that needs to work like this:

• it takes one argument - a whole number, like 1, 2, 3, etc
• it returns a string that represents the ordinal number

getOrdinalNumber(1); // returns "1st";
getOrdinalNumber(2); // returns "2nd";
getOrdinalNumber(6); // returns "6th";

The requirements above form a specification 🧶 🧶 specification A specification is a set of requirements for how a piece of software should behave. . Now we have a specification for how the function should work we can create many cases showing how we expect the function getOrdinalNumber to behave when it is called with different inputs.

To help us think about the requirements of getOrdinalNumber, let’s consider one case:

💼 Case 1

const input = 1;
const currentOutput = getOrdinalNumber(input);
const targetOutput = "1st";

Case 1 states that when getOrdinalNumber is called with an input of 1, it has a target output of “1st”. Our first step is to check that getOrdinalNumber works as we have stated.

We have used console.assert to write assertions to check our code before, but console.assert is limited. Now we will write tests to check our code is behaving in a particular way.

🔑 A test is any piece of code that runs an assertion on the code we’re testing

We want our tests to:

• be easy to write
• be easy to read
• to give clear feedback on what the current output is
• to give clear feedback on what the target output is
• easily write multiple test cases

To help us build test cases like this, we will use a test framework 🧶 🧶 test framework A test framework is a set of tools we can use to build tests efficiently.

pwd .../<span class="c-our-name">CYF</span>/week-4-example

touch package.json

{
  "name": "week-4-test-example"
}

{
  "name": "week-4-test-example",
  "description": "An example application showing how to write tests using the jest framework"
}

We can continue adding more information about our project as the project grows. For now, double-check we only have a package.json in our project:

ls package.json

When writing software, we continually make use of software written by other developers. We can call these packages 🧶 🧶 packages A package is some code which is grouped together to provide some functionality.

We use packages so that we don’t have to solve every problem ourselves. Other people have often solved some things we need to do really well. Using other people’s solutions to parts of a problem means we can focus our time and effort on what’s special about our problem.

Imagine we wanted to work out what the time is in a user’s city. Instead of writing code to work out the time for every city’s time zone (and when they change!), we can use a package some “city time” experts have written, and which they keep up to date.

Different programming languages give developers different ways of accessing packages for use in their code. We will use npm 🧶 🧶 npm Node Package Manager, or npm, downloads and manages useful packages of code from the npm registry.

Jest is a package used to help us to write and run test cases in JavaScript. Our next step will be to figure out how to install the Jest package on our machine, so that we can use it in our project.

We can find out more about the Jest framework from the documentation online.

In the Getting started section of the documentation, Jest gives us the following command:

npm install jest --save-dev

Let’s break down the different parts of this command.

• npm - in the terminal, we can use the npm command to install packages from the npm registry

• install - download a package on to our machine.

• jest - this is the name of the package we want to install on our machine

• --save-dev - this means the package is needed for development but not needed in production

So overall we can think of this command as saying: “Please go to the npm database, find the Jest package and install it on my local machine”

Let’s execute this command in the same directory as the package.json. To double check we’re in the correct directory, we can run pwd:

$ pwd
.../cyf/week-4-example

pwd is telling us we’re in the week-4-example directory.

We need to double check the package.json is also there too.

$ ls
package.json

Now we can execute the command

npm install --save-dev jest

Our project structure will now look as follows:

week-4-example
├── node_modules
├── package-lock.json
└── package.json

1 directory, 3 files

After running the command, we now have a directory called node_modules in our project too.

The node_modules directory contains all the code from the dependencies 🧶 🧶 dependencies A dependency is a package that your project depends upon. we installed in our project. You won’t need to look inside the node_modules directory - you just need to know it contains the code for Jest and any other dependencies we install in our project.

Running the npm command also updated our package.json file for us:

{
  "name": "week-4-test-example",
  "description": "An example application showing how to write tests using the jest framework",
  "devDependencies": {
    "jest": "^29.5.0"
  }
}

We’ve now got some additional information inside the package.json:

"devDependencies" : {
    "jest":  "^29.5.0"
}

With Jest installed, we need to figure out how to use the Jest framework to write tests. This means we need to look at APIs 🧶 🧶 APIs An API is a boundary between a programmer and an application, enabling a programmer to use an application’s functionality without being concerned with how the application was built. again.

API stands for

• Application
• Programming
• Interface.

We’ve encountered the word interface already.

But we can break down each word in this acronym to understand it altogether.

• An application is a program or piece of software designed to serve some purpose.

• Programming refers to the process of writing code or software.

• An 🕹️interface is a shared boundary between two or more systems.

We’ve encountered several functions like console.log, Math.round already. console.log and Math.round are APIs.

console.log is actually implemented in a different language (C++), but that doesn’t matter - its functionality is exposed to us when we write JavaScript, and we don’t need to care how it’s actually implemented or how it works.

Jest provides an API so we can write tests. So we have to find out about the Jest API to start writing tests with Jest.

🎯 Goal: Write a test for the case below, using Jest:

Case 1 💼

const input = 1;
const currentOutput = getOrdinalNumber(input);
const targetOutput = "1st";

We can create a file called get-ordinal-number.test.js and write our first test there. We can use documentation to work out how to write our first test using Jest.

get-ordinal-number.test.js

test("converts 1 to an ordinal number", function () {});

Let’s break down this syntax.

The test function is part of the Jest API, a function we use to perform a particular task. In particular, we’re using test to create a test case. Before, we could use Math.round and console.log because Math and console are provided for us by Node.

test isn’t provided by Node, but when we ask Jest to run our tests, it will make sure the test function exists and that our code can use it.

Let’s break down the arguments we’re passing to test:

• 1st argument: "converts 1 to an ordinal number", a string which describes the behaviour we’re testing for
• 2nd argument: function () {}, we will write some assertions in this function () {} to check the behaviour

⚖️ Creating assertions

We need to write an assertion inside the body of function () {} inside get-ordinal-number.test.js

get-ordinal-number.test.js

test("converts 1 to an ordinal number", function () {});

In this example, we want to check that the following is true:

We expect getOrdinalNumber(1) to be "1st"

An assertion in Jest looks like this:

expect(getOrdinalNumber(1)).toBe("1st");

The function toBe is used to check that the current output of getOrdinalNumber(1) and the target output of "1st" are equal to each other.

toBe is just one example of a function called a matcher. A matcher is a function we use to compare values in Jest.

So the whole test looks like this:

test("converts 1 to an ordinal number", function () {
  const input = 1;
  const currentOutput = getOrdinalNumber(input);
  const targetOutput = "1st";

  expect(currentOutput).toBe(targetOutput);
});

👟 Running tests

We can try running the file get-ordinal-number.test.js with node in the following way:

node get-ordinal-number.test.js

but we get an error:

ReferenceError: test is not defined

This is because test isn’t defined anywhere in the file.

We need to execute this file so that the Jest API is available in our file. We can do this by running the test file using Jest: we do this using an npm script.

The “scripts” section of the package.json is where we can write useful commands we’ll use in our project. We can add a “scripts” section to the package.json so that it reads as follows:

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{
  "name": "week-4-test-example",
  "description": "An example application showing how to write tests using the jest framework",
  "scripts": {
    "test": "jest"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "jest": "^29.5.0"
  }
}

Finally, we’ll need to run our tests. Now we can run the command npm test.

When we execute the command, npm test, we will run npm, and npm will look inside the “scripts” section of the package.json and look up the command for “test” - in this case, “jest”. npm will then run “jest”.

We currently have a project structure like this:

week-4-test-example
├── get-ordinal-number.test.js
├── package.json
├── package-lock.json
└── node_modules

1 directory, 3 files

And get-ordinal-number.test.js looks like this

test("converts 1 to an ordinal number", function () {
  const input = 1;
  const currentOutput = getOrdinalNumber(input);
  const targetOutput = "1st";

  expect(currentOutput).toBe(targetOutput);
});

After running the test above, we should get feedback indicating whether or not the test has passed.

🚢 Defining the function

At the moment, our test feedback gives the following:

The test code is throwing a ReferenceError 🧶 🧶 ReferenceError A ReferenceError occurs when we try to reference a variable that we’ve not defined in our code.

This means that we haven’t defined a function named getOrdinalNumber, but we’re trying to use it.

To fix this, we can declare getOrdinalNumber.

function getOrdinalNumber() {}

test("converts 1 to an ordinal number", function () {
  expect(getOrdinalNumber(1)).toBe("1st");
});

Now we can run the tests again and check the test feedback.

Assertion errors

We now get the following feedback:

Jest tells us 3 main things:

1. The test case that failed
2. The target output and the current output
3. The line number where error occurred

Jest defines Expected and Received in the test feedback:

• Expected: “1st”
• Received: undefined

Passing getOrdinalNumber

We can now pass the test by implementing functionality for the first test case. We could write the following:

get-ordinal-number.test.js

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11

function getOrdinalNumber() {
  return "1st";
}

test("converts 1 to an ordinal number", function () {
  const input = 1;
  const currentOutput = getOrdinalNumber(input);
  const targetOutput = "1st";

  expect(currentOutput).toBe(targetOutput);
});

In English, ordinal numbers mostly follow the same pattern.

Numbers ending in 1 will generally have an ordinal number ending in “st”.

Here are some examples of this pattern,

1st, 11th, 21st, 31st, 41st,…

All the numbers ending in 1 will continue to end in "st", with the exception of 11. 11 is slightly different and ends with a "th".

We can now update our test case to check that getOrdinalNumber works for lots of different numbers ending in 1.

get-ordinal-number.test.js

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function getOrdinalNumber() {
  return "1st";
}

test("works for any number ending in 1", function () {
  expect(getOrdinalNumber(1)).toBe("1st");
  expect(getOrdinalNumber(11)).toBe("11th");
  expect(getOrdinalNumber(21)).toBe("21st");
});

We’ve also updated the test description because we’re adding more assertions and checking slightly different functionality.